Задание №16286 ЕГЭ по Английскому языку

Установите соответствие между текстами A-G и заголовками 1-8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Заголовки:

1. How to become an aristocrat 
2. The necessity to serve 
3. Aristocracies today
4. The perks aristocrats had 
5. General characteristics
6. Defining aristocracy
7. Governing and a non-governing elite
8. The variety of aristocracy

Тексты:

Текст А: Forms of aristocracy have existed since ancient times. The original concept of aristocracy implied that those who were part of it were somehow intellectually or morally superior to the general public. In practical terms, however, aristocracy has come to mean people who belong to certain families, or those who are very wealthy. Over the course of history, different aristocracies arose in certain countries, especially in Europe, where aristocracy was once the preeminent form of government. By the 19th century, however, aristocracies in some countries began to lose their power and significance.

Текст B: The word, “aristocracy” originates from Greek, and literally means kratos (“rule”) of the aristoi (“the best ''). Thus, being a member of an aristocracy, otherwise known as an aristocrat, supposedly means being intellectually or morally superior, and therefore the best kind of person to rule. The term “aristocracy” is attributed to noted philosopher, Aristotle. In ancient Greece, the aristocrats were people of certain “noble” families. The ancient Romans had a definition of aristocracy similar to that of the Greeks.

Текст С: In contrast, the concept of aristocracy in medieval times involved an ironclad separation of the aristocrats, which usually consisted of monarchs and their lords, from the common people. In medieval times, it was rarely possible for a commoner to climb the ladder and rise to the aristocracy. Indeed, membership in medieval aristocracy almost always involved someone who was already an aristocrat bestowing the status on a commoner, such as when monarchs gave out knighthoods. Land ownership has also been a consistent part of the concept of aristocracy throughout history.

Текст D: The United Kingdom’s aristocracy is known as the peerage system, and dates back nearly a thousand years, to the end of the Norman Conquest of Great Britain in 1066 CE. At that time, William I, otherwise known as William the Conqueror, divided the land into manors, which were governed by Norman noble barons. From the 14th century onward, several ranks of nobility were created by England’s monarchy. These include the ranks of duke, marquess, earl, viscount, and baron.

Текст E: The Russian aristocracy arose in the 14th century. They were known as the Dvoryanstvo, which is a term derived from the Russian word, dvor, meaning the court of a prince, duke, or tzar. A key change to the system of aristocracy was made in the 17th century, by Russian tzar Peter the Great. He changed the system so that instead of aristocrats being promoted by virtue of heredity, they would instead be promoted based on the value of their actual service that they provided to the monarchy.

Текст F: The French aristocracy arose during the Middle Ages. Most French aristocrats gained their status through heredity, though some were made members of the aristocracy by France’s monarchy. Others bought their titles or became members of the aristocracy through marriage. French aristocrats had special rights and privileges, such as the right to hunt, to wear a sword, and to own land. They were also exempt from paying property taxes. Certain religious, civic and military positions were reserved for members of France’s aristocracy.

Текст G: Aristocracies are still alive and well in some societies throughout the world. Familial aristocracies, for example, control the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf. The aristocracies of Europe, however, have generally been reduced to being ceremonial, if they exist at all. Many argue that an informal aristocracy consisting of the world’s most wealthy individuals exists. This modern aristocracy is often referred to as the 1 %, whose wealth supposedly gives them undue influence over the economies and politics of the world.