Задание №16264 ЕГЭ по Английскому языку

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New Research Adds to the Story of Penguins

Researchers recently offered the most complete examination yet of the history of penguins. Penguins are short-legged flightless seabirds A                          . The researchers studied the genomes of the 20 living penguin species and subspecies. The researchers said penguins came from a common ancestor shared with a group of seabirds that includes albatrosses and petrels. Penguins first developed the ability to dive, like a puffin, and then lost the ability to fly B                          .

The study proposes that changes in world temperatures and in major ocean currents have been important drivers of penguin evolution. Penguins live mainly in the Southern Hemisphere. The Galapagos penguin is the only one C                          . Such adaptations as physical changes include gene mutations that shift the way penguins see the world. Penguins’ vision is more sensitive toward the blue end of the color spectrum. Blue light goes more deeply into the ocean D                          . Genes that help birds detect salty and sour tastes are active in penguins. But genes that help detect bitter, sweet and savory tastes are inactivated.

Those may no longer be needed as penguins find food in cold, salty water and usually swallow prey including fish, shrimp and squid whole. Penguins show changes in their wing bones and a reduction of their flight feathers. Penguins also have reduced air spaces in the skeleton E                          . Penguins were once much larger F                          . One ancient species, Kumimanu biceae, lived in New Zealand between 55 and 60 million years ago and stood about 1.8 meters tall. The largest modern species, the emperor penguin, is about one meter tall.

1. as they adapted to water
2. than today’s species
3. that mainly live in the southern half of the world
4. that they evolved from flying birds, but that happened over 60 million years ago
5. and the ability to store more oxygen in their muscles for long dives
6. found north of the equator
7. than light at the red end of the spectrum